CellWell record HH-152609
Cigarette smoking exposure and clinical outcomes in Graves' disease
Sarah Forbes; May Loo; Su Ann Tee; Kathryn Stewart; Jonathan Vernazza; Lauren Carroll; Nicholas Vennart; Peter Bartholomew; Kilimangalam Narayanan; Vasileios Tsatlidis; Salman Razvi
2026
In plain language
Current smoking was dose-dependently associated with higher autoimmunity, increased orbitopathy, and relapse risk in Graves' disease.
- Evidence
- Emerging
- Design
- Observational study
Cite this record: https://thecellwell.org/studies/HH-152609
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